Liquid crystal display panel having reflection electrodes improved in smooth surface morphology and process for fabrication thereof

ABSTRACT

A liquid crystal display panel of the type having reflection electrodes tends to have an image-forming plane undesirably yellowed due to the wavelength dependency of transparency observed in an orientation layer on the reflection electrodes; aluminum-neodymium alloy, which has neodymium content between 5 weight % to 10 weight %, is deposited on an inter-layered insulating layer at the substrate temperature equal to or less than 170 degrees in centigrade for the reflection electrodes so that the surface morphology is represented by average pitches equal to or less than 1 micron; even though the orientation layer has the wavelength dependency of transparency, the reflection electrodes make the optical path in the orientation layer equalized so that the image-forming plane is not yellowed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a liquid crystal display panel and, moreparticularly, to a liquid crystal display panel of the type having areflection electrode, which is hereinbelow referred to as “reflectiveliquid crystal panel, or a reflective-transparent liquid crystal displaypanel and a process for fabrication thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

FIG. 1 shows a typical example of the reflective liquid crystal displaypanel disclosed in Japanese Patent Application laid-open No.2000-258787. The prior art reflective liquid crystal display panel isbroken down into a pair of substrate structures S1/S2, liquid crystalLC1, sealing layer (not shown) and spacers (not shown). The substratestructures S1 and S2 are spaced from each other by means of the spacers,and form an inner space together with the sealing layer. The inner spaceis filled with the liquid crystal LC1. In this instance, the twistednematic liquid crystal is sealed in the inner space between thesubstrate structures S1 and S2. Ellipses stand for liquid crystalmolecules, and are labeled with reference numeral 121.

The substrate structure S1 is fabricated on an insulating substrate 110.The insulating substrate 110 is formed of quartz or no-alkali glass. Anarray of switching transistors is fabricated on the insulating substrate110. The switching transistors are thin film transistors, and only onethin film transistor is shown in FIG. 1. Other thin film transistors arefabricated concurrently with the thin film transistor. The thin filmtransistor is fabricated as follows. First, a gate electrode 111 ofrefractory metal such as chromium (Cr) or molybdenum (Mo) is formed onthe insulating substrate 110. The gate electrode 111 is covered with agate insulating layer 112, and an active layer 113 is patterned on thegate insulating layer 112. The active layer 113 is formed ofpolysilicon. An insulating stopper 114 is formed on the active layer113. A part of the active layer 113 over the gate electrode 111 servesas a channel region 113 c of the thin film transistor. Using theinsulating stopper 114 as an ion-implantation mask, dopant impurity ision implanted into the active layer 113, and forms a drain region 113 dand a source region 113 s on both sides of the channel region 113 c.

On the entire surface of the resultant structure are successivelydeposited silicon dioxide (SiO₂), silicon nitride (SiN_(x)) and silicondioxide (SiO₂) which form in combination an inter-layered insulatinglayer 115. A contact hole is formed in the inter-layered insulatinglayer 115, and reaches the drain region 113 d. A metal layer such as analuminum layer is patterned into a drain electrode 116. The drainelectrode 116 penetrates through the contact hole formed in theinter-layered insulating layer 115, and is held in contact with thedrain region 113 d.

Organic compound resin is, by way of example, deposited over the entiresurface of the resultant structure, and forms a planarization layer 117.A contact hole is formed in the planarization layer 117 and theinter-layered insulating layer 115. The source region 113 s is exposedto the contact hole. A reflection electrode 119 is patterned on theplanarization layer 117. The reflection electrode 119 penetrates throughthe contact hole, and is held in contact with the source region 113 s.Thus, the reflection electrode 119 further serves as a source electrode.The reflection electrode 119 and the exposed surface of theplanarization layer 117 are covered with an orientation layer 120, whichis formed of organic compound resin such as polyimide.

The other substrate structure S2 is opposed to the above-describedsubstrate structure S1, and is also fabricated on an insulatingsubstrate 130. The insulating substrate 130 has two major surfaces. Oneof the major surfaces is opposed to the substrate structure S1, and ishereinbelow referred to as “inner surface”. The other major surface isreverse to the inner surface, and is hereinbelow referred to as “outersurface”.

Color filters 131 and a black matrix 132 are patterned on the innersurface of the insulating substrate 130. The color filters 131 areselectively in the primary three colors, i.e., red, green G and blue B,and are aligned with the reflection electrodes 119, respectively. Theblack matrix 132 is not transparent, and is aligned with the thin filmtransistors. The color filters 131 and the black matrix 132 are coveredwith a protective layer 133 of synthetic resin, and the protective layeris covered with a counter electrode 134. The counter electrode 134 islaminated with an orientation layer 135. On the other hand, a phasedifference plate 143 is formed on the outer surface of the insulatingsubstrate 130, and is covered with a polarizing plate 144.

In the above-described prior art reflective liquid crystal displaypanel, the reflection electrodes 119 are formed of aluminum-neodymiumalloy, i.e., Al—Nd alloy. The Japanese Patent Application laid-openteaches that the alloy contains neodymium equal to or greater than 1weight %. The Japanese Patent Application laid-open insists that theneodymium equal to or greater than 1 weight % is effective againsthillocks. The Japanese Patent Application laid-open further insists thatthe aluminum-neodymium alloy, which was grown at the substratetemperature of the order of 200 degrees in centigrade, achievesreflectivity as high as an aluminum layer grown at room temperature.

Another prior art technology relating to the reflection plate isdisclosed in Japanese Patent Application laid-open No. 5-80327.TheJapanese Patent Application laid-open teaches a process for forming adiffuse reflection plate. The process starts with preparation of anorganic compound layer. A reflection layer of aluminum or platinum isgrown on the organic compound layer at 100 degrees to 250 degrees incentigrade. While the reflective substance, i.e., aluminum or platinumis growing on the organic compound layer, wrinkles take place in theorganic compound layer due to the difference in thermal expansioncoefficient between the organic compound and the reflective substance,and the reflective substance forms grains on the organic compound layer.Thus, the reflection plate is rugged. This results in improvement inirregular reflection property of the reflection plate.

Yet another prior art technology relating to the reflection plate isdisclosed in Japanese Patent Application laid-open No. 2000-111906.TheJapanese Patent Application laid-open teaches another process forfabricating an electrooptical device with a rough reflection layer. Theelectrooptical device contains “liquid crystal display panel”, and theprior art process includes the following steps. Bumps are firstly formedin a lower layer by using a honing or n etching, and metal is grown overthe bumps at 100 degrees to 300 degrees in centigrade at 80–250angstroms/min. The bumps are transferred from the lower layer to themetal layer. The metal layer serves as a reflection layer. As to themetal, the Japanese Patent Application laid-open say, “The material forthe reflection layer is aluminum or arbitrary kind of (metal).” However,the Japanese Patent Application laid-open is silent to concrete examplesof “arbitrary kind of (metal)”. After the growth of the metal, thereflection plate is treated with heat so as to form miniature bumps onthe surface of the reflection plate at average pitches of 1–2 microns.The miniature bumps are of the order of 0.2 micron in depth. Thereflection plate is improved in irregular reflection property by virtueof the miniature bumps. However, the Japanese Patent Applicationlaid-open is silent to another purpose.

Japanese Patent Application laid-open No. 2000-111906 further teaches anorientation layer, which makes the liquid crystal molecules uniformlyoriented in a certain direction. The Japanese Patent Applicationlaid-open teaches that the orientation layer is formed of“high-molecular organic compound”. Two kinds of high-molecular organiccompound, i.e., polyimide and polyvinyl alcohol are exemplified in theJapanese Patent Application laid-open. However, the Japanese PatentApplication laid-open is silent to a phenomenon in which theimage-forming plane is made yellowish, and does not contain anydescription on a relation between the average pitch and the reflectivityto a certain wavelength light component.

The present inventors investigated the prior art technologies. Theinventors fabricated samples of the prior art liquid crystal displaypanel with the reflection electrodes formed of the aluminum-neodymiumalloy as taught in Japanese Patent Application laid-open No.2000-258787.

Certain samples had the orientation layers 120 different in substance.In those samples, the aluminum-neodymium was grown at the substratetemperature around 200 degrees in centigrade, and, thereafter, theorientation layers 120 were formed over the reflection electrodes 119.The inventors assembled the substrate structures S1/S2 and the othercomponents into the certain samples. The inventors found some samples tohave yellowish image-forming planes.

Other samples had the reflection electrodes grown at the substratetemperature of the order of 70 degrees in centigrade and without heatapplication to the substrate. In detail, the inventors fabricated thethin film transistors on the insulating substrate of each sample, andspread the organic compound over the thin film transistors for formingthe inter-layered insulating layer 117. The contact holes for the sourceregions 113 s were formed in the inter-layered insulating layer 117, andthe aluminum-neodymium alloy was deposited over the inter-layeredinsulating layer 117 at certain substrate temperature in the range fromroom temperature to 70 degrees in centigrade. The aluminum-neodymiumalloy was patterned into the reflection electrodes 119. After theformation of the orientation layer 120, the substrate structure S1 wasassembled with the other substrate structure S2 so as to complete eachsample. The samples were categorized into the reflective liquid crystaldisplay panel and the reflective-transparent liquid crystal displaypanel. The inventors drove the samples, and found that theimage-carrying signal was not completely written into the pixelelectrodes. This was because of the fact that the contact resistancebetween the reflection electrodes 119 and the source regions 113 s wastoo high. Furthermore, in case where the aluminum-neodymium alloy wasgrown without heat application to the substrate, the temperature of theinter-layered insulating layer 117 was raised due to the heat ofcondensation in the deposition of the aluminum-neodymium alloy, andout-gassing took place in the organic compound. The gas gave rise tochange in quality of the aluminum-neodymium, and made the reflectionelectrodes 119 cloudy. This resulted in reduction in reflectivity.

The present inventors further fabricated samples of the electroopticaldevice disclosed in Japanese Patent Application laid-open No.2000-111906. The samples have the miniature bumps transferred from thelower layer thereto. However, the miniature bumps were not effectiveagainst the yellowish image-forming plane.

These problems are encountered in the prior art liquid crystal displaypanel disclosed in Japanese Patent Application laid-open No.2000-258787.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an important object of the present invention to providea liquid crystal display panel, which is free from yellowishimage-forming plane in spite of an orientation layer having atransparency to ultraviolet light smaller than a transparency to visiblelight.

It is also an important object of the present invention to provide aprocess for fabricating the liquid crystal display panel.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a liquid crystal display panel comprising a first substratestructure including reflection plates having a surface morphologyrepresented by average pitches equal to or less than 1 micron and anorientation layer formed over the reflection plates and having a firsttransparency to light components with wavelengths equal to or less than400 nanometers and a second transparency to visible light componentslarger than the first transparency, a second substrate structure havingan inner surface opposed to the orientation layer, and liquid crystalsealed in a space between the orientation layer and the inner surfaceand forming plural pixels together with the reflection plates so as toselectively change a transparency of the plural pixels depending uponthe strength of local electric fields created in the vicinity of thereflection plates.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a process for fabricating a liquid crystal display panel,comprising the steps of a) fabricating an intermediate structure of afirst substrate structure, b) growing a highly reflective substance overthe intermediate structure under the condition that the intermediatestructure is heated to a certain temperature equal to or less than 170degrees in centigrade for forming a highly reflective substance layer,c) patterning the highly reflective substance layer into reflectionplates, d) covering an array of reflection plates with an orientationlayer having a first transparency to light components with wavelengthsequal to or less than 400 nanometers and a second transparency tovisible light components larger than the first transparency so as tocomplete the first substrate structure, e) assembling the firstsubstrate structure with a second substrate structure in such a mannerthat the orientation layer is opposed to an inner surface of the secondsubstrate structure and f) sealing liquid crystal in a space between theorientation layer and the inner surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and advantages of the liquid crystal display panel and theprocess for fabrication thereof will be more clearly understood from thefollowing description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, in which

FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view showing the structure of the prior artreflective liquid crystal display panel disclosed in Japanese PatentApplication laid-open No. 2000-258787,

FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view showing the structure of a reflectiveliquid crystal display panel according to the present invention,

FIG. 3 is a schematic plane view showing the arrangement of componentsin a substrate structure incorporated in the reflective liquid crystaldisplay panel,

FIG. 4 is a schematic plane view showing the arrangement of componentsin another substrate structure incorporated in the reflective liquidcrystal display panel,

FIG. 5 is a plane view showing the layout of thin film transistors andreflection electrodes on the substrate structure shown in FIG. 3,

FIGS. 6A to 6I are cross sectional views taken along line B—B of FIG. 5and showing a process sequence for fabricating the liquid crystaldisplay panel,

FIGS. 7A to 7E are cross sectional views showing the process sequence onanother cross section,

FIGS. 8A to 8E are cross sectional views showing essential steps ofanother process sequence for fabricating another liquid crystal displaypanel according to the present invention,

FIG. 9 is a plane view showing the arrangement of components of pixelsincorporated in yet another liquid crystal display panel according tothe present invention,

FIGS. 10A to 10K are cross sectional views showing a process sequencefor fabricating the liquid crystal display panel,

FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view showing the structure of still anotherliquid crystal display panel according to the present invention,

FIG. 12 is a graph showing a relation between the substrate temperaturein a sputtering and average pitches,

FIG. 13 is a graph showing a relative reflectivity to light components,

FIG. 14 is a graph showing a relative reflectivity on aluminum-neodymiumalloy layers of 150 nanometers thick to light components,

FIG. 15 is a graph showing a relative reflectivity on aluminum-neodymiumalloy layers of 300 nanometers thick to light components,

FIG. 16 is a graph showing a relation between transparency and lightcomponents measured in different organic compounds,

FIG. 17 is a view showing a relation between neodymium content andhillocks/reflectivity, and

FIG. 18 is a view showing a relation between the substrate temperature,color on an image-forming plane, reflectivity and contact resistance.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment

Referring to FIG. 2 of the drawings, a liquid crystal display panelembodying the present invention preferably includes a pair of substratestructures 10/20, liquid crystal LC2, a sealing layer 23 and sphericalspacers 35. The substrate structures 10 and 20 are opposed to eachother, and the sealing layer 23 and the spherical spacers 35 keep thesubstrate structures 10 and 20 spaced from each other. In detail, thesealing layer 23 extends along the peripheries of the substratestructures 10/20, and the spherical spacers 35 are scattered inside ofthe sealing layer 23. The sealing layer 23 and the spherical spacers 35are sandwiched between the substrate structures 10 and 20, and theliquid crystal LC2 fills the space defined by the substrate structures10/20 and the sealing layer 23. Ellipses stand for the liquid crystalmolecules, and are labeled with reference numeral 36.

Description is made on the substrate structure 10 with concurrentreference to FIGS. 2 and 3. The substrate structure 10 is fabricated ona transparent insulating substrate 10 a, and includes conductive strips11 for a scanning signal, conductive strips 12 for a data signal,conductive strips 13 for a constant voltage, an array of thin filmtransistors 14 and reflection electrodes 31. The conductive lines 11 forthe scanning signal extend in parallel on the transparent insulatingsubstrate 10 a, and are connected to the gate electrodes of the rows ofthin film transistors 14. The scanning signal is supplied through signalterminals 15 to the conductive strips 11 so as sequentially to cause therows of thin film transistors 14 to turn on.

The conductive strips 12 for the data signal extend in the perpendiculardirection to the conductive strips 11 for the scanning signal, and areconnected to the drain regions of the columns of thin film transistors14. The data signal is supplied through signal terminals 16 to theconductive strips 12 so as to distribute pieces of data informationrepresentative of an image to be produced to the columns of thin filmtransistors 14. Although the conductive strips 12 for the data signalcross the conductive strips 11 for the scanning signal, the conductivestrips 12 for the data signal are electrically isolated from theconductive strips 11 for the scanning signal by means of a gateinsulating layer 53. Thus, the conductive strips 11 for the scanningsignal and the conductive strips 12 for the data signal define pluralcrossing points over the central area of the transparent insulatinglayer 10 a, and the plural crossing points are assigned to the thin filmtransistors 14, respectively.

Although the terminals 15 assigned to the scanning signal and theterminals 16 assigned to the data signal are arranged along the sideline and along the end line of the substrate structure 10 in FIG. 3,both terminals 15/16 may be arranged along the side line of thesubstrate structure of a reflective liquid crystal display panel for aportable use (see FIG. 4).

The conductive strips 13 for the constant voltage extend in parallel tothe conductive strips 11 for the scanning signal, and are widened atintervals. The wide portions of the conductive strips 13 arerespectively associated with the thin film transistors 14, and serve ascounter electrodes of holding capacitors. Terminals 18 are connectedthrough distributing strips 17, which extend on both sides of theconductive strips 12, to the conductive strips 13, and the commonvoltage is applied through terminals 18 and the distributing strips 17to the conductive strips 13. The common voltage finally reaches thecounter electrodes.

The reflection electrodes 31 are arranged in matrix, and arerespectively connected to the source regions of the thin filmtransistors 14. Thus, the reflection electrodes 31 serve as pixelelectrodes, respectively. An inter-layered insulating layer 32 oforganic compound is inserted between the array of thin film transistors14 and the reflection electrodes 31, and the reflection electrodes 31are respectively opposed to the counter electrodes thereunder. The arrayof reflection electrodes 31 is covered with an orientation layer 34. Theorientation layer 34 is formed of organic compound, which makes animage-forming plane yellowish.

The inter-layered insulating layer 32 is formed with relatively largebumps, and the relatively large bumps make the reflection electrodes 31rugged. The reflection electrode 31 has the upper surfaces with smoothsurface morphology. The ruggedness on the upper surfaces is equal to orless than 1 micron in average pitches. It is more preferable that theaverage pitches are equal to or less than 0.6 micron. The smooth surfacemorphology prevents the image-forming plane from being yellowed. This isbecause of the fact that the smooth surface morphology reduces the lightabsorption to ultraviolet light component from 200 nanometer wavelengthto 400 nanometer wavelength. The ruggedness in the upper surfaces of thereflection electrodes 31 is different from the relatively large bump. Inthis specification, words “surface morphology” means the ruggedness onthe surfaces of the crystal structure.

The other substrate structure 20 is fabricated on a transparentinsulating substrate 20 a. As will be seen in FIG. 4, color filters 21are patterned in a central area of the transparent insulating substrate20 a, and are surrounded by a black matrix 22. In this instance, theblack matrix 22 is formed in the peripheral area, and does not occupythe central area. The black matrix makes the contrast of image fine. Thecolor filters 21, i.e., red filters, green filters and blue filters arerespectively aligned with the reflection electrodes 31, and are coveredwith a counter electrode 33. The counter electrode 33 in turn is coveredwith an orientation layer 34. The common voltage is applied to thecounter electrode 33. In other words, the counter electrode 33 is equalin potential level to the counter electrodes of the holding capacitors.The orientation layer 34 of the substrate structure 10 is spaced fromthe orientation layer 34 of the other substrate structure 20 by means ofthe sealing layer 23 and the spherical spacers 35, and the liquidcrystal LC2 fills the gap between the orientation layers 34. The liquidcrystal LC2 is injected through an opening formed in the sealing layer23, and the opening is closed with a plug 24. Dot-and-dash lines A—A andC—C are indicative of the cross sections under dots-and-dash lines A—Aand C—C shown in FIG. 2. Each of the thin film transistors 14,reflection electrode 31 connected to the thin film transistor, the colorfilter 21 aligned with the reflection electrode, the counter electrode33 and a piece of liquid crystal LC2 therebetween constitute a pixel. Aset of red, green and blue filters, the reflection electrodes 31 alignedtherewith, the thin film transistors 14 connected to the reflectionelectrodes 31 and pieces of liquid crystal LC2 therebetween form incombination a color pixel. Namely, a pixel with the red filter, pixelwith the green filter and the pixel with the blue filter as a wholeconstitute each color pixel, and plural color pixels form the imageforming plane.

The substrate structure 20 further has a quarter wavelength plate 37 anda polarizing plate 38. The quarter wavelength plate 37 is fixed to thesurface of the transparent insulating substrate 20 a reverse to thesurface where the color filters 21 and the black matrix 22 arepatterned, and is covered with the polarizing plate 38.

Though not shown in FIG. 4, a semiconductor chip is mounted on theterminals 16, and a driving circuit on the semiconductor chip isconnected to the liquid crystal display panel. The liquid crystaldisplay panel and the COG (Chip-On-Glass) integrated circuit as a wholeconstitute a liquid crystal display unit.

The liquid crystal display unit behaves as follows. The scanning signalcauses the rows of thin film transistors 14 sequentially to turn on, andthe data signal carries pieces of data information representative of apart of image to the reflection electrodes 31 associated with theselected row of thin film transistors. The data signal reaches theselected reflection electrodes 31, and creates local electric fieldsbetween the selected reflection electrodes 31 and the common electrode33. The liquid crystal molecules 36 are selectively raised in the localelectric fields. When the data signal reaches the reflection electrodes31 associated with the final row of thin film transistors 14, the liquidcrystal LC2 becomes partially transparent, and incident light 39 isreflected on the reflection electrodes 31. The reflection 40 passesthrough the transparent liquid crystal LC2, and forms the image on theimage-forming plane.

The incident light passes through each orientation layer 34 twice. Ifthe reflection electrodes have surface rough morphology represented bythe average pitches greater than 1 micron, the orientation layer iswidely varied in thickness, and the optical path in the orientationlayer 34 is different between rays of the incident light depending uponthe incident points. In the reflective liquid crystal display panel, thedifference is increased twice. The orientation layer 34 is formed of theorganic compound which has the transparency to the ultraviolet lightcomponents much smaller than the transparency to the visible lightcomponents. While the light 39 is traveling in the orientation layer 34,the ultraviolet light components are absorbed more than the visiblelight components. This results in that the yellowish image-formingplane.

On the contrary, the reflection electrodes 31 according to the presentinvention have the smooth surface morphology represented by the averagepitches equal to or less than 1 micron. The orientation layer 34 issubstantially uniform in thickness, and the light path of a ray of theincident light 39 is nearly equal to that of another ray of the incidentlight 39. Even though the rays pass the orientation layer 34 twice, thedifference is not serious, and the ultraviolet light components are notabsorbed in the orientation layer. Thus, the reflection electrodes 31with the smooth surface morphology are effective against the yellowishimage-forming plane.

Description is hereinbelow made on a process for fabricating the liquidcrystal display panel with reference to FIGS. 5, 6A to 6I and 7A to 7E.FIG. 5 shows the thin film transistors 14, which are respectivelyconnected to the reflection electrodes 31. The thin film transistors 14shown in FIG. 5 are located at the outermost position of the array. Thethin film transistors 14 have an inverted staggered structure, anddot-and-dash line B—B is indicative of the cross section shown in FIGS.6A to 6I. FIGS. 7A to 7E show a cross section of a peripheral region ofthe substrate structure 10. The cross section is taken along a lineparallel to the short sides of the terminals 15/16/18.

In order to make the process clearly understandable, the layout of thecolor pixels and the structure thereof are described with reference toFIG. 5. As shown in FIG. 5, the conductive strips 11 for the scanningsignals extend in parallel to one another, and the conductive strips 12for the data signal extend perpendicularly to the conductive strips 11.The conductive strips 13 for the common voltage alternately extend inparallel to the conductive strips 11, and are close to the associatedconductive strips 11. The conductive strips 11 and 12 define pluralrectangular regions, and the thin film transistors 14 occupy therectangular regions, respectively. The wide portions of the conductivestrips 13 project into the rectangular regions, and are opposed to theassociated reflection electrodes 31, respectively. The inter-layeredinsulating layer 32 is sandwiched between the wide portions and thereflecting electrodes 31 so that the holding capacitors are producedover the rectangular regions, respectively. The thin film transistors 14are similar in structure to one another. Each of the thin filmtransistors 14 has a gate electrode 41, a gate insulating layer 53 (seeFIG. 6B), a drain electrode 42, a source electrode 43 and an activelayer 44. A non-doped amorphous silicon layer 44 a and heavily dopedn-type amorphous silicon layer 44 b form the active layer (see FIG. 6B).

The gate electrodes 41 of the thin film transistors 14 and theconductive strips 11 for the scanning signal are patterned on the majorsurface of the transparent insulating substrate 10 a, and the gateelectrodes 41 are merged with the associated conductive strips 11 forthe scanning signal. Each gate electrode 41 is covered with the gateinsulating layer 53, and the active layer 44 is patterned on the gateinsulating layer 53 in such a manner as to be located over theassociated gate electrode 41. Each of the active layers 44 serves as adrain region and a source region of the thin film transistor 14.

The drain electrodes 42, source electrodes 43 and the conductive strips12 for the data signal are patterned on the gate insulating layer 53.The drain electrodes 42 are merged with the associated conductive strips12, and are held in contact with the drain region in the active layer14. On the other hand, the source electrode 43 is held in contact withthe source region in the active layer 14. The drain electrodes 42,source electrodes 43 and the conductive strips 12 for the data signalare covered with a passivation layer 54 (see FIG. 6D). The passivationlayer 54 prevents the thin film transistors 14 from damages, and twoinsulating layers 51 and 52 are laminated on the passivation layer 54.The insulating layer 51 forms steep bumps, and the other insulatinglayer 52 makes the steep bumps mild. Thus, the insulating layers 51 and52 create proto-bumps, which are transferred to the reflectionelectrodes 31 for forming the large bumps. The large bumps aim atuniform reflection characteristics over the image-forming plane. Forthis reason, the insulating layer 51 is irregularly formed on thecentral area of the substrate structure 10 which is assigned to thecolor pixels. However, the insulating layer 51 does not extend into theperipheral area which is assigned to the terminals. On the other hand,the insulating layer 52 extends over the central area, and penetratesinto the peripheral area so that the proto-bumps are perfectly coveredwith the insulating layer 52. The passivation layer 53 and theinsulating layers 51/52 as a whole constitute the inter-layeredinsulating layer 32.

Source contact holes 45 are formed in the insulating layers 51/52 aswell as the passivation layer 54. The source contact holes 45 reach thesource electrodes 43, respectively. The reflection electrodes 31 areformed on the insulating layer 52, and occupy the rectangular regions,respectively. The reflection electrodes 31 pass through the sourcecontact holes 45, and are held in contact with the source electrodes 43,respectively.

The proto-bumps are transferred from the insulating layer 51 to thereflection electrodes 31, and the large bumps impart predeterminedoptical characteristics to the reflection 40. Thus, the large bumpsdeeply concern the quality of image formed on the image-forming plane.For this reason, the large bumps are designed to achieve the opticalcharacteristics. In the design work, the pitches of the bumps, pitchesof valleys, the height of the bumps and the depth of the valleys aretaken into account. The large bumps are designed in such a manner thatone of the pitches, height and depth has more than one value, i.e., twovalues or more than two values.

The insulating layer 51 further has an influence on electriccharacteristics of the pixels. As shown in FIG. 5, the conductive strips11 for the scanning signal and the conductive strips 12 for the datasignal are partially overlapped with the reflection electrodes 31, andthe inter-layered insulating layer 31, i.e., the passivation layer 54and the insulating layers 51/52 are inserted between the conductivestrips 11/12 and the reflection electrodes 31. The conductive strips11/12, the inter-layered insulating layer 32 and the reflectionelectrodes 31 undesirably form parasitic capacitors. If the insulatinglayer 51 is too thin, the incident light 39 is not widely changed indirection, and the parasitic capacitors have large capacitance. Thelarge capacitance makes the signal propagation through the conductivestrips 11/12 slow, and the pieces of data information are hardly writteninto the reflection electrodes 31. Moreover, the local electric fieldsare undesirably made strong, and the strong local electric fields giverise to serious turbulence in the orientation of the liquid crystalmolecules in the vicinity of the pixels. This results in poor contractin the image produced on the image-forming plane. In order to preventthe pixels from those problems, it is necessary that the insulatinglayer 51 be fallen within the range between 1 micron thick to 3 micronsthick.

The other insulating layer 52 is designed to make the steep bumps mild.If the insulating layer 52 is too thin, the proto-bumps become toosteep, and the manufacturer suffers from the poor step-coverage. On theother hand, if the insulating layer 52 is too thick, the large bumps arenot formed in the reflection electrodes 31. In this instance, theinsulating layer 52 ranges from 0.3 micron thick to 1.5 microns thick.

FIGS. 6A to 6I and 7A to 7E show a process sequence including the stepsof (1) patterning a metal layer into the gate electrodes 41, terminals151 16/18 and the conductive strips 11/13, (2) patterning amorphoussilicon layers on the gate insulating layer into the active layers 44,(3) patterning a metal layer into the conductive strips 12 and thesource/drain electrodes 43/42, (4) forming the contact holes in thepassivation layer 54, (5) patterning a transparent conductive layer intoterminal connecting electrodes, (6) patterning an insulating layer intothe proto-bumps, (7) forming contact holes in the insulating layer 52deposited over the proto-bumps and (8) patterning a metal layer into thereflection electrodes 31.

The process starts with preparation of the transparent insulatingsubstrate 10 a. The transparent insulating substrate 10 a is formed ofno-alkali glass, and is 0.5 millimeter thick. A chromium target issputtered so as to deposit a chromium layer to 100 nanometers thick to300 nanometers thick over the entire surface of the transparentinsulating substrate 10 a. A photo-resist etching mask (not shown) isprepared on the chromium layer, and the chromium layer is partiallyetched away. The gate electrodes 41, conductive strips 11 for thescanning signal, conductive strips 13 for the common voltage, metallayers 61 for the terminals 15/16/18 are left on the major surface ofthe transparent insulating substrate 10 a. Although the conductivestrips 11 for the scanning signal and the conductive strips 13 for thecommon voltage are not seen, the resultant structure is shown in FIGS.6A and 7A.

The gate electrodes 41, conductive strips 11/13 and the metal layers 61may be formed of another kind of metal or alloy in so far as themetal/alloy is formed in a thin film and pattered. The another kind ofmetal/alloy is Mo, Al or aluminum alloy, by way of example. The gateelectrodes 41, conductive strips 11/13 and the metal layers 61 may havea multi-layered structure such as, for example, an aluminum, aluminumalloy or molybdenum layer overlaid by a barrier metal layer of chromium,molybdenum or titanium. Subsequently, silicon nitride, i.e., SiNx isdeposited to 300 nanometers thick to 500 nanometers thick over theentire surface of the resultant structure by using a plasma-assistedchemical vapor deposition technique, and forms the gate insulating layer53. The gate electrodes 41 and the metal layers 61 are covered with thegate insulating layer 53. FIG. 7B shows the metal layer 61 covered withthe gate insulating layer 53.

Undoped amorphous silicon is deposited to 150 nanometers thick to 300nanometers thick over the gate insulating layer 53 also by using theplasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition, and heavily-doped n-typeamorphous silicon is further deposited to 30 nanometers thick to 50nanometers thick. The undoped amorphous silicon forms the undopedamorphous silicon layer, and the heavily-doped n-type amorphous siliconforms the n+ amorphous silicon layer on the undoped amorphous siliconlayer. A photo resist etching mask is prepared by using thephoto-lithographic techniques, and the undoped amorphous silicon layerand the n+ amorphous silicon layer are patterned into the undopedamorphous silicon strips 44 a and the n+ amorphous silicon strips 44 bas shown in FIG. 7B. The undoped amorphous silicon strips 44 a and then+ amorphous silicon strips 44 b form in combination the active layers44, and the active layers 44 are arranged over the gate electrodes 41 atintervals. The n+ amorphous silicon strips 44 b form ohmic contactstogether with the source/drain electrodes 43/42.

Subsequently, chromium is deposited to 100 nanometers thick to 300nanometers thick over the entire surface of the resultant structure byusing the sputtering technique. A photo resist mask is prepared by usingthe photo-lithographic techniques. Using the photo resist etching mask,the chromium layer is patterned into the drain electrodes 42, sourceelectrodes 43 and the conductive strips 12 for the data signal by usinga dry etching technique.

The drain/source electrodes 42/43 and the conductive strips 12 may beformed of another kind of metal or alloy in so far as the metal/alloy isformed in a thin film and pattered. The another kind of metal/alloy isMo, Al or aluminum alloy, by way of example. The conductive strips 12and the source/drain electrodes 42/43 may have a multi-layered structuresuch as, for example, an aluminum, aluminum alloy or molybdenum layeroverlaid by a barrier metal layer of chromium, molybdenum or titanium.

Using the drain/source electrodes 42/43 as an etching mask, the n+amorphous silicon strips 44 b are partially etched by using a dryetching technique, and the ohmic contact portions are separate from eachother. Thus, the channel region is only formed in the undoped amorphoussilicon strip 44 a, and the conductivity of the channel region iscontrolled by the gate potential at the associated gate electrode 41. Inother words, the current does not flow directly between the ohmiccontact portions. The resultant structure is shown in FIG. 6C.

Subsequently, silicon nitride is deposited to 100 nanometers thick to300 nanometers thick over the entire surface of the resultant structureby using the plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition, and forms thepassivation layer 54. The drain electrodes 42 and the source electrodes43 are covered with the passivation layer 54, and the gate insulatinglayer 53 is overlaid by the passivation layer 54 (see FIG. 7C). Thepassivation layer 54 prevents the undoped amorphous silicon strips 44 afrom undesirable ions so that malfunction does not take place in thethin film transistors 14.

A photo resist etching mask is prepared on the passivation layer 54 byusing the photo-lithographic techniques. Using the photo resist etchingmask, the gate insulating layer 53 and/or the passivation layer 54 arepartially etched away for forming the contact holes 55/62, and thesource electrodes 43 and the metal layers 61 are exposed to the contactholes 55/62 as shown in FIGS. 6D and 7D. Though not shown in thedrawings, contact holes are concurrently formed in the passivation layer54 and/or the gate insulating layer 53 so that the conductive strips 13for the common voltage, metal layers 61 for the data signal and theconductive strips 12 adjacent to the metal layers 61 are exposed to thecontact holes.

Subsequently, transparent material such as, for example, ITO(Indium-Tin-Oxide) is deposited to 40 nanometers thick to 100 nanometersthick by using a sputtering technique, and the indium-tin-oxide layer ispatterned into connecting electrodes 63 held in contact with the metallayers 61 for the terminals 151 16/18, the interconnecting strips 17 andinterconnections between the conductive strips 12 and the terminals 16.However, the indium-tin-oxide layer is not left in the central areaassigned to the image forming plane. For this reason, if the sourceelectrodes 43 are formed of molybdenum or aluminum sandwiched betweenmolybdenum or aluminum alloy sandwiched between molybdenum, theindium-tin-oxide layer is to be etched by using a sort of etchantinactive to the molybdenum. Oxalic acid-containing etchant may be usedin the etching. On the other hand, if the source electrodes 43 areformed of chromium, aluminum or aluminum sandwiched between chromium ortitanium, the etchant may be an aqua regia series or a ferric chlorideseries. The reason why the indium-tin-oxide is removed from the centralarea assigned to the image-forming plane is that the indium-tin-oxideforms a battery together with aluminum. Even if the indium-tin-oxide islaminated on the source electrodes 43, the indium-tin-oxide layers areliable to peel off due to the battery phenomenon. The indium-tin-oxidelayers 63 on the metal layers 61 enhances the reliability of the COG(Chip-On-Glass) mounting. FIG. 7E shows one of the terminal 15/16/18implemented by the lamination of the metal layer 61 and theindium-tin-oxide layer 63.

Subsequently, solution of photo-sensitive novolak resin is spread overthe resultant structure, and forms a photo-sensitive novolak resin layerof 1 micron thick to 3 microns thick. A pattern image for theproto-bumps is transferred to the photo-sensitive novolak resin layer,and the latent image is developed in alkaline developing solution. Then,bumps are irregularly formed in the insulating layer 51 of thephoto-sensitive novolak in the central area assigned to theimage-forming plane (see FIG. 6E). The bumps are defined by steep walls.In case where photo-sensitive substance is used for the insulating layer51, the proto-bumps are produced through the process sequence includingthe steps of (1) spreading the photo-sensitive substance, (2) patterntransfer to the photo-sensitive substance layer and (3) developing thelatent image produced in the photo-sensitive substance layer.

The insulating layer 51 is formed of either photo-sensitive orphoto-insensitive substance. If the photo-insensitive substance is usedfor the insulating layer 51, the proto-bumps are produced through aprocess sequence including (1) spreading the photo-insensitivesubstance, (2) coating the photo-insensitive substance layer with aphoto resist layer, (3) pattern transfer to the photo resist layer, (4)developing the latent image, (5) etching the photo-insensitive substancelayer by using the patterned photo resist layer and (6) removing thepatterned photo resist layer from the upper surface of thephoto-insensitive layer. Thus, the usage of photo-sensitive substancemakes the process sequence simple. Subsequently, the steep walls aremade mild. The resultant structure shown in FIG. 6E is placed in afurnace chamber, and the bumps are treate4d with heat at 80 degrees to200 degrees in centigrade. The surface portions of the bumps arereflowed in the high temperature ambience, and the steep walls arevaried to gentle walls. Thus, the insulating layer 51 is formed with theproto-bumps through the reflow. The proto-bumps may be formed by meltingthe surface portions in chemicals such as, for example,N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The resin is baked at 200 degrees to 250 degreesin centigrade, and the insulating layer 51 with the proto-bumps isobtained as shown in FIG. 6F.

Subsequently, solution of photo-sensitive novolak is spread over theentire surface of the resultant structure, and forms the photo-sensitivenovolak layer of 0.3 micron thick to 1.5 microns thick. A pattern imageis transferred to the photo-sensitive novolak layer, and the latentimage is developed in the alkaline developing solution. Then, thecontact holes 45 are formed in the photo-sensitive novolak layer. Thephoto-sensitive novolak layer is baked at 200 degrees to 250 degrees incentigrade, and the insulating layer 51 is covered with the insulatinglayer 52. The contact holes 55 are nested in the contact holes 45,respectively, and the source electrodes 43 are exposed to the contactholes 45, respectively, as shown in FIG. 6G.

In this instance, the insulating layers 51/52 are formed of the organiccompound in the novolak series. Another substance available for theinsulating layers 51/52 is PC403 manufactured by JSR. The insulatinglayers 51 and 52 may be different in substance. For example, acrylicresin and polyimide are selectively used for the insulating layers 51and 52. A combination of organic substance and inorganic substance maybe selectively used for the insulating layers 51 and 52. The combinationof silicon nitride and acrylic resin and the combination of siliconoxide and polyimide are examples of the combination of organic compoundand inorganic compound. The proto-bumps are formed in the insulatinglayer 51 of any one of the organic/inorganic substance layer.

In the first embodiment, the photo-lithographic techniques are used forthe insulating layers 51/52. The insulating layers 51/52 may be formedthrough a printing technique. The printing technique makes the processsimple. Other technologies available for the insulating layers 51/52 area wet process such as, for example, liquid-phase growing techniques anda dry process such as, for example, plasma polymerization techniques.Thus, various insulating substance layers, in which the out-gassing areobserved, are referred to as “insulating layers 51/52”.

Subsequently, molybdenum and, thereafter, aluminum-neodymium alloy aredeposited to 50 nanometers thick to 200 nanometers thick and 100nanometers thick to 300 nanometers thick over the resultant structure byusing sputtering techniques, and a molybdenum layer and analuminum-neodymium layer are laminated over the inter-layered insulatinglayer 32. The molybdenum layer passes through the contact holes 45/55,and is held in contact with the source electrodes 43.

A photo resist etching mask is prepared on the aluminum-neodymium layerby using the photo-lithographic techniques, and the aluminum-neodymiumlayer and the molybdenum layer are selectively etched away through a wetetching at 40 degrees to 60 degrees in centigrade for forming thereflection electrodes 31 as shown in FIG. 6H. The wet etchant containsphosphoric acid, acetic acid and nitric acid. Since the reflectionelectrodes 31 further serve as pixel electrodes, the reflectionelectrodes 31 are separated at intervals along the conductive strips 11and conductive strips 12. The molybdenum layer and thealuminum-neodymium layer are removed from the peripheral area. Thus, themolybdenum layer and the aluminum-neodymium layer are never left on theterminals 15/16/18. The molybdenum layer serves as a barrier metalbetween the indium-tin-oxide layer 63 and the aluminum-neodymium layer.While the aluminum-neodymium layer is being patterned, the barrier metalprevents the indium-tin-oxide layer 63 from the wet etchant. If the wetetchant reaches the indium-tin-oxide layer 63, a battery is undesirablyproduced between the indium-tin-oxide layer 63 and thealuminum-neodymium layer, and the indium-tin-oxide layer 63 tends topeel off. Thus, the molybdenum layer is to be thick enough to preventthe indium-tin-oxide layers 63 from the wet etchant.

The sputtering conditions are hereinbelow described in detail. First,the resultant substrate structure shown in FIG. 6G is inserted into aheating chamber, and the substrate structure is heated in vacuum at 70degrees to 170 degrees in centigrade for 1–2 minutes. The water isvaporized in the high temperature ambience, and is eliminated from theinsulating layers 51/52. When the water is eliminated from theinsulating layers 51/52, the substrate structure is conveyed from theheating chamber to a sputtering chamber. Vacuum is developed in thesputtering chamber, and the molybdenum and aluminum-neodymium alloy aresuccessively deposited over the substrate structure in the sputteringchamber.

It is preferable that the vacuum is developed in the sputtering chamberindependently of the heating chamber. If the heat application and thesputtering are carried out in a single chamber, the vapor out-gassingfrom the insulating layers 51/52 changes the quality of the sputteredmetal/alloy, and the contact resistance between the reflectionelectrodes and the source electrodes is undesirably increased. If theheating and sputtering are carried out in the same chamber, the heatingis prolonged to 2–5 minutes, and the gaseous components are to beperfectly evacuated from the chamber during the sputtering.

The aluminum-neodymium alloy thus deposited under the above-describedconditions is free from the cloudy surface, and, accordingly, achieves ahigh reflectivity. Moreover, the contact resistance between the sourceelectrodes 43 and the reflection electrodes 31 is low and stable.

The substrate temperature may be different between the deposition ofmolybdenum and the deposition of aluminum-neodymium. It is preferablethat the substrate temperature in the deposition of molybdenum is higherthan the substrate temperature in the deposition of aluminum-neodymium.For example, the deposition of molybdenum is carried out at substratetemperature of 150 degrees in centigrade, and the substrate temperaturein the deposition of aluminum-neodymium is, by way of example, 120degrees in centigrade. This is because of the fact that the depositionat a relatively low substrate temperature makes the crystal ofmolybdenum poor. The poor crystal is influential in the crystal ofaluminum-neodymium alloy, and the poor crystals do not permit the wetetchant to form a fine profile in the reflection electrodes 31. Ofcourse, the substrate temperature may be equal between the deposition ofmolybdenum and the deposition of aluminum-neodymium alloy.

It is preferable that the aluminum-neodymium alloy contains theneodymium at least 0.5 weight %. The neodymium content equal to orgreater than 0.5 weight % is effective against hillock during the firingon the orientation layer 34, and keeps the reflectivity high. It isfurther preferable that the substrate structure is maintained at 170degrees in centigrade or less during the deposition of thealuminum-neodymium alloy. The deposition at 170 degrees in centigrade orless makes the surface morphology on the reflection electrodes 31 equalto or less than 1 micron in average pitches, and the resultantaluminum-neodymium electrodes achieve the reflectivity equal to orgreater than 90% to 200 nanometer wavelength to 400 nanometer wavelengthlight components with respect to the reflectivity to the visible lightcomponents at 400 nanometer wavelength. The high reflectivity to the 200nm to 400 nm wavelength light components is effective against theyellowish image-forming plane regardless of the substance for theorientation layer 34. However, the neodymium content greater than 10weight % is not preferable. If the neodymium content exceeds 10 weight%, the reflection electrodes 31 become cloudy, and can not achieve ahigh reflectivity to the visible light components. Thus, the preferablerange of the neodymium content is from 0.5 weight % to 10 weight %.

In this instance, the aluminum-neodymium alloy is desirable from theviewpoint of the high reflectivity and good alignment with the processfor fabricating the thin film transistors 14. However, any metal oralloy is available for the reflection electrodes 31 in so far as themetal/alloy exhibits high reflectivity. Another sort of aluminum alloysuch as, for example, aluminum-titanium alloy or aluminum-molybdenumalloy is available for the reflection electrodes 31. Otherwise, thereflection electrodes 31 may be formed of high-reflective metal such as,for example, silver.

Finally, the orientation layer 34 is formed on the array of reflectionelectrodes 31. In detail, organic compound is printed on the resultantstructure by using a printing technique. The organic compound layer is50 nanometers thick to 100 nanometers thick. The organic compound layeris baked at 200 degrees to 230 degrees in centigrade, and is oriented.As a result, the substrate structure 10 is obtained.

The other substrate structure 20 is fabricated on the transparentinsulating substrate 20 independently of the above-described processsequence. The color filters 21 are patterned on the transparentinsulating substrate 20 a, and the indium-tin-oxide is deposited overthe color filters 21 for forming the counter electrode 33. The blackmatrix 22 is formed in the peripheral area around the color filters 21.The organic compound of 50 nanometers thick to 100 nanometers thick isprinted on the counter electrode 33, and the organic compound layer isbaked at 200 degrees to 230 degrees in centigrade. The orientation layer34 is completed through the orientation process. It is preferable thatthe organic compound makes the orientation layer achieve transparencyequal to or greater than 95% to the light components from 300 nanometerwavelength to 600 nanometer wavelength.

The spherical spacers 35 of synthetic resin are scattered in the centralarea of the substrate structure 10, and sealing agent of epoxy resinseries is provided on the peripheral area along the edges of thesubstrate structure. The substrate structures 10 and 20 are opposed toeach other as shown in FIG. 6I, and are assembled. The spherical spacers35 keep the substrate structures 10 and 20 spaced by a predeterminedgap. The sealing layer has an opening (see FIG. 4), and the liquidcrystal LC2 is injected through the opening into the gap. The opening isclosed with a piece of ultra-violet curable resin 24 in the aclylateseries, and the piece of ultra-violet curable resin 24 is solidified.Thus, the liquid crystal LC2 is confined in the space between thesubstrate structures 10 and 20.

The quarter wavelength plate 37 and the polarization plate 38 aresuccessively adhered to the transparent insulating substrate 20 a.Though not shown in the drawings, the semiconductor chip is mounted onthe peripheral area of the resultant structure, and the conductive padsof the semiconductor chip is connected to the terminals 15/16/18 for thescanning signal, data signal and the common voltage.

As will be understood from the foregoing description, the liquid crystaldisplay panel according to the present invention includes the reflectionelectrodes with the smooth surface morphology at average pitches equalto or less than 1 micron. The smooth surface morphology reduces thelight absorption in the light ranging from 200 nanometer wavelength to400 nanometer wavelength, and prevents the image-forming plane frombeing yellowed.

Moreover, while the aluminum-neodymium alloy is growing at the substratetemperature equal to or less than 170 degrees in centigrade, the surfacemorphology of the aluminum-neodymium alloy layer is equal to or lessthan 1.0 micron in average pitches.

Second Embodiment

Another liquid crystal display panel embodying the present invention issimilar to the first embodiment except an inter-layered insulating layerbetween the array of thin film transistors 14 and the reflectionelectrodes 31. For this reason, the other layers, strips and substratesare labeled with the references same as those designating correspondinglayers, strips and substrates incorporated in the first embodiment.Description is hereinbelow made on a process for fabricating the liquidcrystal display panel implementing the second embodiment with referenceto FIGS. 5, 6A–6D, 7A–7E and 8A–8E. FIGS. 8A–8E shows the cross sectiontaken along line B—B of FIG. 5.

The process comprises the steps of (1) patterning a metal layer into thegate electrodes 41 and the conductive strips 11 for the scanning signal,(2) patterning the undoped/n+ amorphous silicon layers on the gateinsulating layer 53 into the active layers 41, (3) patterning a metallayer into the drain/source electrodes 42/43 and the conductive strips12 for the data signal, (4) forming the passivation layer 54, (5)patterning the transparent conductive layer into the terminal connectingelectrodes 63, (6) forming bumps in an inter-layered insulating layer 71and (7) patterning the alloy layer into the reflection electrodes 31.

The process starts with preparation of the transparent insulatingsubstrate 10 a, and the steps (1) to (5) are similar to those of thefirst embodiment. The array of thin film transistors 14, passivationlayer 54, terminals 15 for the scanning signal, terminals 16 for thedata signal and the terminals 18 for the common voltage are patterned onor over the transparent insulating substrate 10 a as shown in FIGS. 7Eand 8A.

Subsequently, photo-sensitive novolak resin is spread over the resultantstructure, and forms a photo-sensitive novolak resin layer 71 of 2.0 to4.5 microns thick. A half-tone mask is aligned with the resultantstructure, and a pattern image is transferred from the half-tone mask tothe photo-sensitive novolak resin layer 71 as shown in FIG. 8B. Thehalf-tone mask has a transparent pattern, a semi-transparent pattern anda non-transparent pattern. The transparent pattern is transparent to theexposure light, and the nontransparent pattern does not pass theexposure light. The exposure light is partially absorbed in thesemi-transparent pattern. The non-transparent pattern is assigned to aregion 72 a not to be etched, i.e., high land portions of theinter-layered insulating layer 71, and the semi-transparent pattern isassigned to the region 72 b partially to be etched, i.e., valleys in theinter-layered insulating layer 71. The transparent pattern is assignedto the other portion 72 c to be completely etched. The half-tone mask isdesigned in such a manner that the semi-transparent pattern is adjacentto the transparent pattern. The half-tone mask is radiated with light,and image-carrying light is fallen onto the photo-sensitive novolakresin layer 71. The image-carrying light forms a latent image in thephoto-sensitive novolak resin layer 71.

The latent image is developed. The region aligned with thenontransparent pattern is left on the structure, and the region alignedwith the transparent pattern is removed from the structure. The regionaligned with the semi-transparent pattern is partially etched so thatthe valleys are formed in the inter-layered insulating layer 71. Thesemi-transparent pattern is adjacent to the transparent pattern. Inother words, the non-transparent pattern is not contiguous to thetransparent pattern. Although bumps are formed in the inter-layeredinsulating layer 71, the inter-layered insulating layer 71 has a gentlecontour as shown in FIG. 8C.

The half-tone mask varies the intensity of the exposure light, and thelatent image has dispersion in depth corresponding to the dispersion inthe light intensity. The latent image may be formed by varying theexposure time. Thus, the bumps are formed in the single inter-layeredinsulating layer 71. The inter-layered insulating layer 71 iscorresponding to the two insulating layers 51 and 52. Thus, the bumpsare formed through a relatively simple sequence.

Subsequently, the resultant structure is treated with heat at 80 degreesto 200 degrees in centigrade, and the inter-layered insulating layer 71is re-flowed. The surface of the inter-layered insulating layer 71becomes gentle. The gentle surface may be created by using chemicals.The inter-layered insulating layer is baked at 200 degrees to 250degrees in centigrade, and proto-bumps are formed in the inter-layeredinsulating layer 71 as shown in FIG. 8D.

The remaining process sequence is similar to that of the firstembodiment. Molybdenum and aluminum-neodymium are successively depositedto 50 nanometers thick to 200 nanometers thick and 100 nanometers thickto 300 nanometers thick over the entire surface of the resultantstructure by using the sputtering. The preliminary heating and thesputtering conditions are similar to those of the first embodiment. Thealuminum-neodymium layer and the molybdenum layer are patterned into thereflection electrodes 31 through the photo-lithography and etching asshown in FIG. 8E. The reflection electrodes 31 have the smooth surfacemorphology with the average pitches equal to or less than 1.0 micron.The array of reflection electrodes 31 and the exposed surface of theinter-layered insulating layer 71 are covered with the orientation layer34. The other substrate structure 20 is fabricated as similar to that ofthe first embodiment. The substrate structures 10 and 20 are assembledtogether, and liquid crystal is sealed in the gap between the substratestructures 10 and 20.

The reflection electrodes 31 has the smooth surface morphology with theaverage pitches equal to or less than 1.0 micron, and achieve the largereflectivity to 200 nanometer wavelength light component to 400nanometer wavelength component. The large reflectivity to these lightcomponents is effective against the yellowish image-forming plane.

Since the reflective material is grown under the conditions same asthose in the first embodiment, the smooth surface morphology isachieved. Moreover, the proto-bumps are formed in the inter-layeredinsulating layer 71 through the simple sequence, and the production costis reduced.

The half-tone mask may be replaced with a set of photo masks. In thisinstance, the latent image for the region 72 b to be partially etched isproduced by using one of the photo masks, and the latent image for theregion 72 c to be completely etched is produced by using the other photomask. Otherwise, the patent image may be produced by using another kindof half-tone mask, which has an extremely fine pattern, which exceedsthe resolution limit of the exposure light, and the light passingthrough the extremely fine pattern produces the latent image for theregion to be partially etched.

Third Embodiment

Turning to FIG. 9 of the drawings, some pixels occupy the periphery ofthe central area assigned to an array of color pixels incorporated inyet another liquid crystal display panel embodying the presentinvention. The liquid crystal display panel implementing the thirdembodiment is categorized in the reflective-transparent liquid crystaldisplay panel. An inverted staggered type thin film transistor 14, areflection electrode 31, a counter electrode 33 (see FIG. 10K), atransparent pixel electrode 81, a color filter 21 (see FIG. 10K) and apiece of liquid crystal form in combination a pixel, and a pixel withthe red filter, pixel with the green filter and a pixel with the bluefilter as a whole constitute a color pixel as similar to that of thefirst embodiment.

Conductive strips 11 for a scanning signal are arranged in parallel on atransparent insulating substrate 10 a, and are respectively connected tothe gate electrodes 41 of the thin film transistors 14 in the associatedrows. Conductive strips 13 for the common voltage are arranged inparallel to the conductive strips 11, and are alternated with theconductive strips 11. The conductive strips 13 have wide portions atintervals. Conductive strips 12 for a data signal extend in a directionperpendicular to the conductive strips 11/13, and are connected to thedrain electrodes 42 of the thin film transistors 14 in the associatedcolumns. Thus, the conductive strips 11 and the conductive strips 12 arearranged over the transparent insulating substrate 10 a like a lattice,and define rectangular regions, which are respectively assigned to thepixels. The thin film transistor 14 and the wide portion occupy theassociated rectangular region, and are overlapped with the associatedreflection electrode 31 and the transparent pixel electrode 81. Thereflection electrode 31 is connected to the source electrode 43 of theassociated thin film transistor 14, and is electrically connected to thetransparent pixel electrode 81. The transparent pixel electrode 81 issurrounded by the associated reflection electrode 31, and the outerperiphery of the transparent pixel electrode 81 is held in contact withthe inner periphery of the reflection electrode 31. Thus, the conductivestrip 12 for the data signal is electrically connectable through thethin film transistor 14, i.e., the drain electrode 42, active layer 44and the source electrode 43 to the reflection/transparent pixelelectrodes 31/81, and a piece of data information representative of apart of image to be produced is written into the reflection/transparentpixel electrodes 31/81.

An inter-layered insulating layer 54/51/52 intervenes between the arrayof thin film transistors 14 and the reflection/transparent pixelelectrodes 31/81 so that holding capacitors are provided in associatedwith the thin film transistors 14, respectively. Proto-bumps are formedin the inter-layered insulating layer 54/51/52, and are transferred tothe reflection electrodes 31. The reflective substance is depositedunder predetermined conditions so that the reflection electrodes 31 havesmooth surface morphology. The surface morphology is featured by theruggedness at average intervals equal to or less than 1.0 micron.

Description is hereinbelow made on a process for fabricating the liquidcrystal display panel with reference to FIGS. 10A to 10K and FIGS. 7A to7E. FIGS. 10A to 10K shows the cross section taken along line B—B ofFIG. 9. The process sequence of the third embodiment is similar to thatof the first embodiment except the step for forming the transparentpixel electrode 81. The process sequence implementing the thirdembodiment comprises the steps of (1) patterning a meal layer into thegate electrodes 41, metal layers 61 and the conductive strips 11/13, (2)patterning undoped/n+ amorphous silicon layers on the gate insulatinglayer 53 into the active strips 44, (3) patterning a metal layer intothe source/drain electrodes 42/43 and the conductive strips 12, (4)patterning an insulating layer on the passivation layer 54 intoproto-bumps, (5) covering the proto-bumps with another insulating layer,(6) forming source contact holes 45 in the passivation layer 54, (7)patterning a transparent conductive layer into the terminal connectingelectrodes 63 and the transparent pixel electrode 81 and (8) patterninga reflective metal layer into the reflection electrodes 31.

The transparent insulating substrate 10 a is prepared, and a chromiumlayer is patterned into the gate electrodes 41, conductive strips 11 forthe scanning signal and the conductive strips 13 for the common voltageas shown in FIG. 10A. The gate electrodes 41 and the conductive strips11/13 are covered with the gate insulating layer 53, and the undopedamorphous silicon layer 44 a and the heavily doped n-type amorphoussilicon layer 44 b are deposited over the gate insulating layer 53. Theundoped/n+ amorphous silicon layers 44 a/44 b are patterned into theactive layer 44 as shown in FIG. 10B. A chromium layer is deposited overthe entire surface of the resultant structure, and is patterned into thedrain/source electrodes 42/43 and the conductive strips 12. Both endportions of each active layer 44 is covered with the source and drainelectrodes 43 and 42, and the n+ amorphous silicon layer 44 b ispartially etched away by using the drain/source electrodes 42/43 as anetching mask as shown in FIG. 10C. Thus, the array of thin filmtransistors 14 are formed on the transparent insulating substrate 10 a.The array of thin film transistors 14 is covered with the passivationlayer 54. However, the source contact holes 45 are not formed in thepassivation layer 54. Thus, the process sequence is similar to that ofthe first embodiment until the formation of the source contact holes 45in the passivation layer 54.

The insulating layer 51 is patterned into bumps (see FIG. 10E), and thesurface portions of the bumps are reflowed so as to be made gentle. Theproto-bumps are formed in the insulating layer 51 as shown in FIG. 10F.The proto-bumps are covered with the insulating layer 52 as shown inFIG. 10G. Thus, the steps (4) and (5) are corresponding to the steps (6)and (7) of the process implementing the first embodiment. A differenceis exposure to light without any mask after the latent images in theinsulating layers 51/52 are developed. The exposure to light iseffective against coloring. Since the liquid crystal display panel is ofthe reflective-transparent type, the anti-coloring treatment ispreferable.

The gate insulating layer 53 and/or passivation layer 54 are selectivelyetched away so as to form the source contact holes 55 and the terminalcontact holes 62 (see FIGS. 10H and 7D), and the source electrodes 43and the metal layers 61 are exposed to the source contact holes 55 andthe terminal contact holes 62. Contact holes are concurrently formed inthe gate insulating layer 53 and the passivation layer 54, and endportions of the conductive strips 13, the metal layers 61 for theterminals 16 and end portions of the conductive strips 12 close to theterminals 12 are exposed to the contact holes, respectively.

Subsequently, indium-tin-oxide is deposited to 40 nanometers thick to100 nanometers thick over the resultant structure by using thesputtering. The indium-tin-oxide layer is patterned into the transparentpixel electrodes 81, connecting electrodes 63 for the terminals15/16/18, the common connecting strips 17 and interconnection betweenthe terminals 16 and the conductive strips 12. The growth of theindium-tin-oxide is carried out as similar to the growth of thereflecting substance for the reflection electrodes 31 so as to preventthe transparent pixel electrodes 81 from the out-gassing. Since, theindium-tin-oxide layer is removed from the contact holes 55, the sourceelectrodes 43 are still exposed to the source contact holes 55. Theresultant structure is shown in FIGS. 10I and 7E.

Subsequently, molybdenum and aluminum-neodymium are successivelydeposited to 50 nanometers thick to 200 nanometers thick and 100nanometers thick to 300 nanometers thick over the entire surface of theresultant structure by using the sputtering, and the molybdenum layerand the aluminum-neodymium layer are patterned into the reflectionelectrodes 31 as shown in FIG. 10J. Namely, the molybdenum layer and thealuminum-neodymium layer are removed from narrow areas along theconductive strips 11 and 12 and from the peripheral area assigned to theterminals. Thus, the reflection electrodes 31 are electrically isolatedfrom one another. The reflection electrodes 31 are held in contact withthe source electrodes 43 of the associated thin film transistors 14through the source contact holes 55, respectively. The inner peripheryof each of the reflection electrodes 31 is held in contact with theouter periphery of the associated transparent pixel electrode 81. Themolybdenum layer intervenes between the transparent pixel electrodes 81and the aluminum-neodymium layer, and the photo resist etching mask isleft over the outer peripheries of the transparent pixel electrodes 81.Although the aluminum-neodymium layer and the molybdenum layer arepatterned by using etchant, the photo resist etching mask does not allowthe etchant to penetrate into the gap between the transparent pixelelectrodes 81 and the molybdenum layer. Any battery is not producedbetween the transparent pixel electrodes 81 and the aluminum-neodymiumlayer. The transparent pixel electrodes 81 are not damaged, and neverpeels off from the insulating layer 52.

The orientation layer 34 is formed on the array of the reflectionelectrodes 31 and the exposed surface of the insulating layer 52, andthe substrate structure 10 is completed. The other substrate structure20 is prepared separately from the substrate structure 10. The substratestructures 10 is aligned with the other substrate structure 20 as shownin FIG. 10K, and the liquid crystal is sealed in the gap between thesubstrate structures 10 and 20.

The sputtering is carried out under the conditions same as those of thefirst embodiment, and the smooth morphology is achieved on the uppersurfaces of the reflection electrodes 31. The ruggedness on the uppersurface is represented by the average pitches equal to or less than 1micron. The reflectivity to 200 nanometer wavelength light component to400 nanometer wavelength light component is equal to or greater than 90%of the reflectivity to the visual light components. Thus, the reflectionelectrodes 31 are effective against the yellowish image-forming plane.

Fourth Embodiment

Turning to FIG. 11 of the drawings, still another liquid crystal displaypanel embodying the present invention largely comprises two substratestructures 10 and 20A, a sealing layer 23, spherical spacers 35 andliquid crystal LC3 filling the gap between the substrate structures 10and 20A. Dots-and-dash lines A—A, B—B and C—C are indicative of crosssections corresponding to the cross sections taken along dot-and-dashline A—A of FIG. 4, dot-and-dash line B—B of FIG. 5 and dot-and-dashline C—C of FIG. 4, respectively.

The substrate structure 10 is similar to that of the first embodiment.However, the other substrate structure 20A is different from that of thefirst embodiment. An irregular reflection plate is inserted between thecolor filters 21 and the counter electrode 33. Accordingly, aninter-layered insulating layer 31A is not rugged, and the reflectionelectrode 31 is patterned directly on the passivation layer 54′.

The liquid crystal display panel implementing the fourth embodiment isfabricated through the process sequence. The fabrication processcomprises the steps of (1) patterning a metal layer into the conductivestrips 11/13 and the gate electrodes 41, (2) patterning undoped/n+amorphous silicon layers on the gate insulating layer 53 into the activelayers 44, (3) patterning a metal layer into the drain/source electrodes42/43 and the conductive strips 12, (4) covering the drain/sourceelectrodes 42/43 and the conductive strips 12 with the passivation layer54, (5) patterning a transparent conductive layer into the terminalconnecting electrodes 63 and (6) patterning a metal layer into thereflecting electrodes 31. Thus, the fabrication process implementing thefourth embodiment does not include the steps (6) and (7) of thefabrication process for fabricating the liquid crystal display panelimplementing the first embodiment.

In the process sequence, the passivation layer 54′ is not spread overthe array of thin film transistors 14. The passivation layer 54′ isformed of silicon nitride, and the silicon nitride is deposited by usinga plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. When the source/terminalcontact holes are formed in the passivation layer 54′ as similar tothose shown in FIGS. 6D and 7D, the resultant structure is conveyed intoa heating chamber, and keeps it at room temperature or is heated to 170degrees in centigrade or less. Thereafter, the resultant structure isconveyed to a sputtering chamber. The sputtering chamber is eitheridentical with or different from the heating chamber. In the sputteringchamber, molybdenum and aluminum-neodymium are successively depositedover the resultant structure. This is because of the fact that theout-gassing from the passivation layer 54′ is negligible. Thealuminum-neodymium layer is not cloudy, and exhibits a highreflectivity. It is preferable that the passivation layer 54′ is thickerthan the passivation layer 54. The passivation layer 54′ ranges from 300nanometers thick to 800 nanometers thick. If the array of thin filmtransistors 14 is covered with the passivation layer 54, which is spreadover the array of thin film transistors 14 and, thereafter, baked,instead of the passivation layer 54′. Only the step for forming theproto-bumps is eliminated from the process sequence, and the step forpattering the metal/alloy layers into the reflection electrodes 31 issimilar to the step incorporated in the process for the firstembodiment. Thus, the elimination of the influence of the out-gassing isstill required for the reflection electrodes 31, and is less desirable.

However, the reflection electrodes 31 are to be formed under theconditions same as those in the first embodiment. The neodymium contentof the aluminum-neodymium alloy is to be fallen into the range between0.5 weight % and 10 weight %, and the aluminum-neodymium alloy is grownat the substrate temperature equal to or less than 170 degrees incentigrade. The surface morphology at the average pitches equal to orless than 1 micron is created on the upper surfaces of the reflectionelectrodes 31. As a result, the reflection electrodes 31 exhibit thereflectivity to 200 nm wavelength light component−400 nm wavelengthlight component equal to or greater than 90% of the reflectivity to thevisible light components, and the are prevented from the hillocks in thebaking step for forming the orientation layer 34. Thus, the reflectionelectrodes 31 do not make the image-forming plane yellowed regardless ofthe substance used for the orientation layer 34. Moreover, the contactresistance between the source electrodes 43 and the reflectionelectrodes 31 is not increased so that the pieces of data informationare surely written into the pixels.

On the other hand, the other substrate structure 20A includes theirregular reflection plate 91, and the fabrication process is differentfrom that described in conjunction with the first embodiment. Theirregular reflection plate 91 is formed of particle-dispersed novolakresin. The particles are, by way of example, beads formed of syntheticresin, and are dispersed in the novolak resin. The size of the beads andblending ratio are optimized so that the irregular reflection plate 91achieves light-scattering characteristics same as those of thereflection electrodes 31 formed with the bumps. The liquid crystaldisplay panel embodying the present invention achieves the highreflectivity, free from the yellowish image-forming plane and failure inwriting the pieces of data information into the pixels.

Reason for Limitations

The present inventors investigated the optimum surface morphology andthe sputtering conditions as follows. First, the present inventorssputtered aluminum-neodymium alloy on glass substrates at differentvalues of the substrate temperature. The aluminum-neodymium alloycontained the neodymium at 4.5 weight %. The present inventors observedthe surface morphology through a scanning electron beam microscopy atmagnification ratio of fifth thousands, and took pictures of the surfacemorphology of the samples in a certain oblique direction. The presentinventors measured the average pitches of the ruggedness, and theaverage pitches were plotted in FIG. 12. The present inventors foundthat the ruggedness became smooth when the substrate temperature waslowered. When the substrate temperature was 200 degrees in centigrade,the average pitches were 1.5 microns. The substrate temperature wasdecreased to 150 degrees in centigrade, then the average pitches were ofthe order of 0.9 micron. When the sputtering was carried out at thesubstrate temperature equal to or less than 100 degrees in centigrade,the average pitches were equal to or less than 0.5 micron. The depth ofruggedness was reduced together with the substrate temperature. When thesubstrate temperature was 200 degrees in centigrade, the depth was ofthe order of 0.5 micron. The substrate temperature was reduced to 150degrees in centigrade, then the depth was reduced to about 0.3 micron.When the sputtering was carried out at the substrate temperature equalto or less than 100 degrees in centigrade, the depth was decreased to0.2–0.1 micron.

Subsequently, the present inventors measured the reflectivity of thealuminum-neodymium layers to light components. The reflectivity wasnormalized with respect to the reflectivity on an aluminum layer. Inother words, the reflectivity on the aluminum layer was to be plotted at100%. The relative reflectivity was plotted in FIG. 13.

When the aluminum-neodymium alloy was sputtered at 200 degrees incentigrade, the average pitches were of the order of 1.5 microns (seeFIG. 12), and the relative reflectivity was peaked around 400 nmwavelength light component, and the relative reflectivity was reduced onboth sides of the peak. On the other hand, when the aluminum-neodymiumwas sputtered at 120 degrees in centigrade, the average pitches were ofthe order of 0.7 micron, and the relative reflectivity was not reducedbelow the 400 nm wavelength light component. The relative reflectivityon the aluminum-neodymium alloy exhibited the same tendency as that onthe aluminum-neodymium alloy at the average pitches of 1.5 micron.However, the relative reflectivity on the aluminum-neodymium alloy atthe average pitches of 0.7 micron was increased even when the wavelengthwas decreased from the 400 nanometers. The present inventors confirmedthat the aluminum-neodymium alloy layers at the average pitches equal toor less than 1.0 micron did not reduce the relative reflectivity to thelight components equal to or less than 400 nanometers. The presentinventors concluded that the surface morphology at the average pitchesequal to or less than 1.0 micron was effective against the yellowishimage-forming plane.

Subsequently, the present inventors investigated the influences of thethickness on the reflectivity. The present inventors sputteredaluminum-neodymium alloy to various values of thickness at differentvalues of the substrate temperature. The present inventors measured thereflectivity on the aluminum-neodymium layers, and normalizes thereflectivity with respect to the reflectivity represented by the plotsat 120 degrees in centigrade in FIG. 13. In other words, thereflectivity on the aluminum-neodymium alloy layer sputtered at 120degrees in centigrade was to be plotted at 100%. The normalized orrelative reflectivity on the aluminum-neodymium alloy layer of 150nanometers thick was plotted in FIG. 14. Similarly, the relativereflectivity on the aluminum-neodymium layer of 300 nanometers thick wasplotted in FIG. 15. In FIGS. 14 and 15, “RT” stands for “roomtemperature”.

Comparing the plots in FIG. 14 with the plots in FIG. 15, it wasunderstood that the relative reflectivity to the ultraviolet lightcomponents was reduced when the aluminum-neodymium alloy layer wasincreased in thickness. For example, the aluminum-neodymium alloy layerssputtered at 100 degrees in centigrade exhibited the relativereflectivity still increased to the ultraviolet light components at 150nanometer thick. However, when the thickness was increased to 300nanometers thick, the aluminum-neodymium alloy layers sputtered at 100degrees in centigrade exhibited the relative reflectivity same intendency as the reference sample, i.e., the aluminum-neodymium alloylayer deposited at 120 degrees in centigrade. The aluminum-neodymiumalloy layers sputtered at 200 degrees in centigrade exhibited miserablereflectivity to the ultraviolet light components regardless of thethickness.

Subsequently, the inventors investigated the transparency of organiccompounds used for the orientation layer 34 to light components.Orientation layer “A” was manufactured by Nissan Chemical Corporationltd., and Orientation layer “B” was manufactured by JSR. The compositionwas different between the orientation layer “A” and the orientationlayer “B”. Although both orientation layers “A” and “B” containedpolyimide, the composition was different. The organic compound for theorientation layer “A” exhibited the transparency fallen within the rangealmost between 97% and 99% . However, the organic compound for theorientation layer “B” exhibited the transparency gradually decreasedtogether with the wavelength. When the orientation layer “B” was used inthe liquid crystal display panel, the image-forming plane becameyellowish. However, the reflection electrodes according to the presentinvention were employed in the liquid crystal display panel, theimage-forming plane was prevented from being yellowed.

The present inventors further investigated the influences of theneodymium content on hillocks and reflectivity. The present inventorssputtered aluminum-neodymium alloy different in neodymium content, andthe aluminum-neodymium alloy layers were treated with heat at 230degrees in centigrade for an hour. The conditions of the heat treatmentwere similar to those in the baking step for the orientation layer 34.After the heat treatment, the present inventors observed thealuminum-neodymium layers through an optical microscope to see whetheror not hillocks took place on the aluminum-neodymium layers. Theobservation was summarized in FIG. 17. When the neodymium content wasless than 0.5 weight %, i.e., 0.1 weight %, the hillocks were observed,and the sample was marked with “x”. The samples between 0.1 weight % and5 weight % exhibited the reflectivity as large as that on a purealuminum layer deposited at room temperature, and were marked with “∘”.The reflectivity to 400 nm wavelength light component on the sample at10 weight % was reduced at 6–8%, and the sample was marked with “Δ”.However, the reflectivity to 400 nm wavelength light component on thesample at 20 weight % was reduced more than 10%, and the sample wasmarked with “x”. Thus, the present inventors concluded that theneodymium content was to be fallen within the range between 0.5 weight %to 10 weight %.

Finally, the present inventors evaluated the samples from threeviewpoints, i.e., color on the image-forming plane, reflectivity andcontact resistance between the source electrode 43 and the reflectionelectrode 31. The results were summarized in FIG. 18. The samples wererespectively formed with aluminum-neodymium layers on organic compoundlayers, and the aluminum-neodymium contained the neodymium at 4.5 weight%. The aluminum-neodymium layers were covered with orientation layers“B”. However, the aluminum-neodymium layers were deposited at differentvalues of the substrate temperature. The image-forming plane wasyellowed in the sample with the aluminum-neodymium layer deposited at200 degrees in centigrade, and was marked with “x”. The reflectivity to400 nm wavelength light component was reduced at 1–5% in the sampleswith the aluminum-neodymium layers deposited at 170 degrees incentigrade and 200 degrees in centigrade. For this reason, the sampleswere marked with “Δ”. Although the aluminum-neodymium layer deposited at20 degrees in centigrade exhibited goo reflectively on a glasssubstrate, the aluminum-neodymium layer became cloudy due to theout-gassing from the organic compound layer, and the reflectively to 400nm wavelength light component was reduced at 5%. For this reason, thesample was marked with “Δ”. The samples exhibited low contact resistancein so far as the substrate temperature was equal to or greater than 70degrees in centigrade. However, when the aluminum-neodymium alloy wasdeposited at room temperature, i.e., 20 degrees in centigrade, theconstant resistance was increased due to the out-gassing. For thisreason, the sample was marked with “x”. The present inventors concludedthat the aluminum-neodymium was to be deposited on an insulating layergrown through the plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition such as, forexample, silicon nitride by using the sputtering at the substratetemperature equal to or less than 170 degrees in centigrade. On theother hand, when the insulating layer was formed of the resin spread andbaked, the aluminum-neodymium alloy was deposited by using thesputtering at the substrate temperature between 70 degrees in centigradeand 170 degrees in centigrade.

The present inventors investigated other samples, which have thereflection electrodes 31 formed of a substance larger in reflectivitythan aluminum. Examples of the substance were silver and silver alloys.The samples exhibited the reflectivity, property against hillocks andcontact resistance similar to those of the aluminum-neodymium alloy.

Even if the orientation layer is formed of organic compound, whichexhibits the wavelength dependency like the organic compound for theorientation layer “B”, the reflection electrodes according to thepresent invention prevent the image-forming plane from being yellowed,achieve a high reflectivity, and are held in contact with the sourceelectrodes 43 at a low contact resistance. The reflection electrodesaccording to the present invention have the surface morphologyrepresented by the average pitches equal to or less than 1 micron. It ismore preferable that the average pitches were equal to or less than 0.6micron. It is also more preferable that the reflection electrodes 31exhibit the reflectivity to 200 nm wavelength light component to 400 nmwavelength light component greater than 95% of the reflectivity to thevisible light (see FIGS. 14 and 15). In other words, it is necessary tocontrol the process parameters in such a manner that the reflectionelectrodes have the above-described surface morphology and reflectivity.

It is also preferable that the aluminum-neodymium contains the neodymiumfallen within the range from 0.5 weight % to 10 weight %. It is morepreferable that the neodymium content ranges from 0.5 weight % to 5weight %, because the aluminum-neodymium layers exhibit largereflectivity without hillocks (see FIG. 17). The hillocks areundesirable, because the rubbing rollers are contaminated.

If the orientation layer 34 is formed of organic compound having thetransparency to 300 nm wavelength light component to 600 nm wavelengthlight component equal to or greater than 95% such as, for example,orientation layer “A” (see FIG. 16), the image-forming plane is lessliable to be yellowed.

Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been shownand described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatvarious changes and modifications may be made without departing from thespirit and scope of the present invention.

For example, the inverted staggered channel-etched thin film transistors14 may be replaced with another kind of transistors such aschannel-protected thin film transistors, non-inverted staggered typethin film transistors or coplanar type thin film transistors. The thinfilm transistors may have active layers formed of polysilicon.

Moreover, the thin film transistors may be replaced with the MIM(Metal-Insulator-Metal) diodes. The transparent insulating substrates 10a/20 a may be formed of plastic, ceramic or semiconductor. However, thesemiconductor substrate may not be used for the reflection-transparentliquid crystal display panel.

The present invention may be applied to STN (Super-Twisted-Nematic)liquid crystal display panels. The step for forming the reflectionelectrodes incorporated in the fourth embodiment is applicable toprocesses for fabricating reflective liquid crystal display panels orreflective-transparent liquid crystal display panels. These liquidcrystal display panels may have glass substrates with rugged surfaces tobe transferred to the reflection electrodes.

1. A liquid crystal display panel comprising: a bus line on a substrate;a switching element connected to said bus line; a reflecting electrodeconnected to said switching element; and an orientation layer formed onsaid reflecting electrode, said orientation layer having a transmittanceequal to or greater than 95% to light in an entire wavelength regionbetween 300 nanometers and 600 nanometers.
 2. A liquid crystal displaypanel comprising: a bus line on a substrate; a switching elementconnected to said bus line; and a reflecting electrode connected to saidswitching element, wherein a reflectance of said reflecting electrode tolight in an entire wavelength region between 200 nanometers and 400nanometers is at least 90% of a reflectance to light with wavelength of400 nanometers.